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Lesson Notes / Scheme of work
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English Language SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
SS3 English Second term Lesson note
SS3 ENGLISH LANGUAGE SECOND TERM: REVISION ON STRUCTURES & CLAUSES AND SUMMARY WRITING
SS3 ENGLISH LANGUAGE SECOND TERM: REVISION ON DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
SS3 ENGLISH LANGUAGE SECOND TERM: REVISION ON FINITE AND NON-FINITE CLAUSES
REVISION ON PRONOUNS AND DETERMINERS AND WRITING A PLAY
REVIEWS ON VOWELS/CONSONANTS, EXAMINATION HINTS AND CLICHÉS
REVISION ON INTONATION, MODAL VERBS AND EXAMINATION HINTS
English Language SS3 Second Term
Week 1
Contents:
Grammatical Structure: Revision on Sentences and Clauses
Writing a Summary
Grammatical Structure: Revision on Sentences and Clauses
You have learned something about clauses and how they function in sentences and how to build up sentences using different types of clauses. Here are some basic points:
A clause is a group of words containing a verb and its subject (When he met me yesterday is a clause; five hundred naira is a phrase)
A clause is a part of a sentence and a simple sentence is just one clause (He met me yesterday is a simple sentence and it is also a clause)
Sentences can be simple or they can be compound or complex or a mixture of both; and if they are not simple they are a mixture of both.
Compounds and complex sentences
A compound is said to be compound when it comprises two or more clauses that are of EQUAL importance. Each is called a main clause. They are linked together with one of these conjunctions: and, or, but (sometimes while)
English Language SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
Example: Racheal has catarrh and Moses has a cough
Can I see you or Am I too late?
A sentence is said to be complex when one clause, the main clause is more important than the other or others attached to it, which are therefore ‘subordinate’ or ‘dependent’ clauses. For example:
Although Sani had just a good breakfast, he still felt hungry.
Here two ideas are expressed in two clauses. The more important idea is that Sani felt hungry; so the second clause is the main clause and the first is the subordinate or dependent clause. The first sentence cannot stand on its own but the second can.
A sentence can be a mixture of compound and complex.
Practice:
Identify the main and subordinate clauses in these complex sentences
She lends money to anyone who asks for help
If corruption is not tackled, this country will go under
However hard he tries, he always gets his calculations wrong
That businessman , who does not keep proper records, will not succeed
That you have lost your savings book doesn’t not surprise me
I know you have done your best for me
Practice 2:
We quite often find one clause completely embedded in another.
For example:
The company he set up last year has collapsed
Here, the subordinate clause ‘he set up last year’ is embedded in the main clause, ‘The company ….. has collapsed’.
Now identify main and subordinate clauses in the following sentences:
He said that if corruption is not tackled this country will go under
She was sacked because she was behaving as if the company she headed was her private property
The shares you bought last year will go down in value unless there is general economic recovery in the country
I am certain that provided he gives more time to his studies and does not watch so many films he will pass all his subjects at one sitting
The dog that hangs around our house belongs to our neighbours and I think they feed him only when they have some left food
Clauses and Punctuation
Have you noticed something wrong in the above practice questions, they have no internal punctuation. We could improve the first sentence by adding comma like this:
He said that, if corruption is not tackled, this country will go under.
Now do the same for sentences 2 – 5.
Note –
A comma is the right punctuation mark to separate one clause from another. Often an embedded clause will have one comma at the beginning and one at the end.
Commas should never the less be used sparingly. It is not necessary always to use them to separate clauses, and sometimes it is definitely not correct to use them
A semi-colon is stronger than a comma, and is used to divide a sentence into parts that are really separate sentences though related in meaning e.g. Funds are not available; if they were, we would sponsor your project.
Commzn Error
Here is a very common error:
Although, the pirates spent six months in prison, soon they were doing their work again.
No comma is required after Although; and the same applies if Though is used instead. rewrite the sentence correctly.
Although or Though is a conjunction here, introducing a clause. A comma can only be used after though ( and one is also needed before it) when the meaning is ‘however’, e.g.
The Pirates spent six months in prison. Soon, though, they were doing their dirty work again.
Clause Types
Adjectival (or relative) clauses
These describe or modify a noun in another clause. They usually begin with who, which, whom, whose or that.
For example:
He has built a house on land that is too marshy
The builder (whom/that) you approached has a good reputation. (What are the three ways of writing this sentence?)
Charles is the friend I chiefly rely on. Or: Charles is the friend on whom I chiefly rely.
Adverbial clauses
They modify a verb in another clause. There are many different types, including the following.
Reason:
Many children do not go to school because their fees cannot be paid. (Or:…… since ….. as …..)
Time:
After I finish secondary secondary, I will go to university. (Or: When ….., As soon as…..). Other time clauses can be formed with: before, until, while.
Manner:
He boasts as if he is the Governor of the Central Bank
Concession or Contrast:
Although she spends a lot on bleaching cream, it doesn’t seem to have much effect.
English Language SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
Condition:
If we can end corruption, Nigeria will become a great country. (Here the writer or speaker is hopeful about ending it.).
If we could end corruption, Nigeria would become a great country. (Here the writer or speaker is not very hopeful about ending it.)
If we had known, we wouldn’t have invited him. (We did invite him. We didn’t know he was a pick pocket)
Purpose:
Come to my office tomorrow so that I can explain things to you
Result:
She was so beautiful that all the men were gazing at her. (Or, of course: He was so handsome that all the women were gazing at him)
Comparison:
He is less upset by her rejection of him I expected.
Noun clauses
Less has been said about these in earlier books. They function like nouns: as the subject, object or complement of a verb, or in ‘apposition’ to another noun. Many noun clauses begin with that.
For example:
Subject clause:
That you don’t like music surprises me
Object:
He said that we mus work for sustainable development
Complement:
The truth is that we depend too much on the government
Apposition:
The idea that we can overcome poverty in just a few years is unrealistic.
Writing a Summary
Follow these four steps
Understand: These four steps are strongly recommended – (a) survey (b) a quick read (c) read the question carefully (d) a careful read of the passage
Choose: Choose those parts of the text relevant to the question. If the book is yours, mark it in pencil; make rough notes – a list of points will do
Rough draft: Write a rough draft of your answer, and compare it with the question. Alter as necessary. Don’t worry if you make several false starts.
Final Version: Write out your corrected answer and check it through for any careless errors.
Exercise
Briefly explain what you understand by clause.
Differentiate between compound and complex sentences.
Here is a different type of exercise. You will find three simple sentences below, combine them into one sentence in a suitable way and you can make changes or add joiners where necessary.
They could not carry out the contract
Government awarded them a contract
The contract has been revoked
These can be combined into one:
- Since they could not carry out the contract Government awarded them, the contract had been revoked.
Now try these: Some hints are given
He was celebrating his birthday. It had taken place on February 1st. He invited many friends to a party. (Begin with Since… or As….)
You may not like the product. You can take it back to the company. You should not do this too often. (Begin with If…. and introduce do; also use but)
He claimed his last salary had not been paid. The magistrate dismissed the claim. (Begin with Although)
Book piracy must be tackled. It is a scourge to the publishing industry. No good-quality books will be around very soon. (Begin with Unless… or use If…. not; introduce which.)
What is wrong with the following sentences? Correct the errors.
He said that if corruption is not tackled this country will go under
She was sacked because she was behaving as if the company she headed was her private property
The shares you bought last year will go down in value unless there is general economic recovery in the country
I am certain that provided he gives more time to his studies and does not watch so many films he will pass all his subjects at one sitting
The dog that hangs around our house belongs to our neighbours and I think they feed him only when they have some left food
English Language SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
Second Term: Revision on Direct and Indirect Speech
English Language SS3 Second Term
Week 2
Contents:
Grammatical Structure: Direct and Indirect Speech
Writing Skill: How to be more original in your writing
Grammatical Structure: Direct and Indirect Speech
The word ‘reported’ is often used for the second type; but the truth is that we can ‘report’ EITHER by using ‘direct speech’ OR by using ‘indirect speech’. The difference is that with direct speech we reproduce the actual words of a speaker; with indirect speech we do this ‘indirectly’.
Changes involved in direct and indirect speech
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present tenses Past tenses
Past tenses Past perfect tenses
1st/2nd person pronouns 3rd person pronouns
Less important changes are that this, these may change to that, those; here to there; now to then; today to that day e.t.c
Remember that auxiliaries also have present and past forms
Forms of auxiliaries
Present Past
Am, is Was
Are Were
Has, have Had
Do, does Did
Can Could
May Might
Will Would
Shall Should
For must, use had to in the past; ought does not change.
Practice 1
The following sentences containing direct speech are to be changed into indirect speeches
Example: ‘Which of your characters do you take everywhere?’ she asked him
This becomes
She asked him which of his characters he took everywhere
‘It is not good to get too attached,’ he said.
‘How have Americans received the book?’ she asked him
‘As for me, I love my book,’ he said.
‘As long as people connect with the characters, then I am happy,’ he said.
‘What are your greatest fears?’ I asked
Now take note of some important points, which are illustrated by the examples.
For direct speech, quote marks (” ” or ‘ ‘ ) are put around the actual words being reported; for direct speech, no quote marks are used.
For both types of speech, various ‘reporting verbs’ can be used. The most common ones are say and ask; others are tell, reply, argue, add e.t.c The reporting verbs and the subjects are called the narrators comment. For indirect speech, this comes at the beginning of the sentence. For direct speech, it may come at the beginning, or at the end, or even in the middle.
In reporting, a direct statement corresponds to an indirect statement, a direct question corresponds to an indirect question. Sentences with different types of indirect speech have different structures. For example: you are not allowed to say she asked me that….
For indirect statement, no comma should normally be put after the reporting verbs (E.g. He said that, he was happy is wrong). For direct question, a question mark is not used.
Direct Indirect
Statement ‘Many people like my book,’ he said. He said that many people liked his book
Questions 1. ‘Are you happy?’ she asked him.2. ‘Why are you afraid?’ she asked him. 1. She asked him if he was happy2. She asked why he was afraid.
Command 1. ‘Read the book right through,’ he said.2. ‘Read the book right through,’ he told me. 1. He said I should read the book right through2. He told me to read the book right through
Practice 2
Rewrite the sentences changing direct into indirect speech
‘I have never been to America,’ she told him.
‘How many books have you written?’ she asked me.
‘The meeting was very stressful,’ she told me.
‘I will send you an email tomorrow, ‘ I assured her.
‘Can you reduce the price a little?’ I asked the book seller.
Skill Focus: How to be more original in your Writing
In your English examination, you will often be giving a choice of subject on which to write.
When in doubt, choose the subject that you are most familiar with. We all write best about things closest to our own experience.
Whatever you do, do not try to get by with a ‘rehearsed answer’ – i.e. a composition that you have memorised. Such answers are quickly spotted by examiners and they earn no marks.
When choosing, and writing on, a topic in an exercise, or in an examination, try to think of an unusual approach to the topic. You will earn marks for originality!
Certain topics may strike a ‘creative cord’ in you: You may at times see opportunities for using your imagination – and the resources of the language.
For example, although adjectives are very useful on their own, they seldom enable the writer to give a really vivid and memorable expression. For that something more necessary. Compare sentence 1 with sentence 2.
English Language SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
Hanifah was fat.
Hanifah was as fat as a house.
The second sentence is clearly much better. Even this sentence could be improved in itself, the fatness of Hanifah is not particularly interesting. It only becomes interesting when we can imagine it more clearly; when we can understand what Hanifah felt like to be fat; what other people’s attitude to her fatness were and finally what Hanifah was really like in character. Interesting!!!
Fat Hanifah
Here is an extract from John Munonye’s novel Obi, which does all these jobs very well.
The convent was a literacy centre and marriage trading home. The white sisters from Ania had started it. They went back shortly after leaving the place in the charge of the lame woman they had brought with them
Her name was Hanifah though must people simply called her Miss Fat Hanifah! Her size was enormous. In true brotherly spirit, the catholic community of Ossa refrained from making open comments but not so the rest. they would say ‘Imagine her running a race’ or, ‘No wonder she can not find a husband’. She is two people put together and church men are not allowed to marry more than one; and she wouldn’t marry a heathen, either’. Hanifah knew that heathens of Ossa said such things about her, but she refused to be ruffled. She was a good-natured and even-tempered woman; an besides she consigned the idolaters and their tongues to the category of the devil works, calculated to ruin their mission in the town. In her many years at Ossa, only once she known to have been seriously upset. That was the day someone suggested not accurately in her hearing that she was well over 45, she shared tears on that day and some of pupils wept too, in sympathy. They all loved Hanifah so much as indeed she loved them.
Exercise
Differentiate between direct and indirect speech.
Give three examples of direct and indirect speeches.
How can be original in your writing?
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Lesson Notes / Scheme of work
Primary 1 | Primary 2 | Primary 3
Primary 4 | Primary 5 | Primary 6
JSS1 | JSS2 | JSS3
SSS1 | SSS2 | SSS3
Question Bank
Primary 1 | Primary 2 |Primary3
Primary 4 | Primary5 | Primary6
JSS1 | JSS2 | JSS3
SSS1 | SSS2 | SSS3
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