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Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
Lesson Notes / Scheme of work
Primary 1 | Primary 2 | Primary 3
Primary 4 | Primary 5 | Primary 6
JSS1 | JSS2 | JSS3
SSS1 | SSS2 | SSS3
Question Bank
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Primary 4 | Primary5 | Primary6
JSS1 | JSS2 | JSS3
SSS1 | SSS2 | SSS3
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Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
NIGERIA AND THE WORLD: THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF NATIONS AND GLOBALIZATION
CONTENT
The Community of Nations
The Purpose of Interactions
The Merits of Nigerian Inter-dependence and Globalization
Disadvantages of Interactions Among Nations of the World
The Community of Nations
Nigeria as a member of global international community cannot operate successfully without relating with the rest of the world. This is born out of the fact that no country of the world can exist in isolation of the rest and no nation can produce all their needs or desire. Therefore interaction is necessary phenomenon because of the mutual benefits from such exercise. For this purpose like other countries of the world, Nigeria established Embassies, High Commissions and Consulates abroad to protect the interests of the country in other countries just as other countries have theirs in Nigeria.
A 1989 publication by the Federal Military Government, Four Years of the Babangida Administration, summarized the priority issues of Nigerian foreign policy: the abolition of apartheid in South Africa; the enhancement of Nigeria’s relations with member countries of the European Economic Community (EEC), the United States, the Soviet Union, and with other major industrialized countries to increase the flow of foreign investments and capital into Nigeria; and continued support for international organizations, such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Organization of African Unity (OAU), and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Relations with other African states constituted the cornerstone of Nigerian foreign policy.
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
The Ministry of External Affairs was directly responsible for foreign policy formulation and implementation. Because matters were usually left in the hands of the minister and his officials, foreign policy positions could change radically from one minister to another, depending on the minister’s orientation. In addition to the minister’s immediate staff, there was a small foreign policy elite comprising other top government officials, interest group leaders, academicians, top military officers, religious leaders, and journalists. This elite exerted indirect influence through communiqués and press releases, as well as direct pressure on the government. In 1986 a conference–to which every stratum of these elite was invited–was held to review Nigeria’s foreign policy and recommend broad policy frameworks for the 1990s and beyond.
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
Several factors conditioned Nigeria’s foreign policy positions. First, the ethnic and religious mix of the country required cautious positions on some issues, such as policy toward Israel. Nigeria found it difficult to restore diplomatic ties with Israel and had not done so as of 1990 because of Muslim opposition and sympathy with the rest of the Arab Muslim world. Second, Nigeria’s legacy as an ex-British colony, combined with its energy-producing role in the global economy, predisposed Nigeria to be pro-Western on most issues despite the desire to maintain a nonaligned status to avoid neocolonialism. In 1990 this pro-Western posture was reinforced by Nigeria’s “economic diplomacy,” which involved negotiating trade concessions, attracting foreign investors, and rescheduling debt repayment to Western creditors. Third, the country’s membership in and commitment to several international organizations, such as the United Nations and bodies mentioned earlier, also affected foreign policy positions. Fourth, and most important, as the most populous country in Africa and the entire black world, Nigeria perceived itself as the “giant” of Africa and the potential leader of the black race. Thus, Nigerian external relations have emphasized African issues, which have become the avowed cornerstone of foreign policy.
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
These factors have caused certain issues to dominate Nigerian foreign policy across various governments, but each government has had distinctive priorities and style. During the 1950s and early 1960s, foreign policy aimed at proper behavior in the international system, and British authorities played a major role in Nigerian foreign relations. Consequently, the Balewa government stressed world peace, respected sovereign equality, and maintained nonalignment based on friendship with any country that took a reciprocal position. After the fall of the First Republic, critics asserted that the government had been too proWestern and not strong enough on decolonization or integration, and that the low profile had been embarrassing. Nonetheless, Gowon continued to keep a low profile by operating within the consensus of the OAU and by following routes of quiet diplomacy.
The civil war marked a distinct break in Nigerian foreign policy. The actions of various countries and international bodies during the war increased awareness of the alignments within Africa and appreciation of the positive role that the OAU could play in African affairs. Whereas white-dominated African countries had supported Biafra, the OAU sided with the federation by voting for unity. The OAU stance proved helpful for Nigerian diplomacy. Nigeria first turned to the Soviet Union for support after the West refused to provide arms to the federation, and after the war, a less pro-Western stance was maintained. At the same time, Africa remained Nigeria’s top priority. In the mid- to late 1970s, attention focused on the liberation of southern Africa, on the integration of ECOWAS, and on the need for complete economic independence throughout Africa. These goals were included in the 1979 constitution: promotion of African unity; political, economic, social, and cultural liberation of Africa; international cooperation; and elimination of racial discrimination.
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
The Purpose of Interactions
Nations of the world interact as a result of the following reasons:
Economic Reasons: No nation is self sufficient economically, they therefore interact with others in other to get those economic resources they cannot get from their country. The resources of the world that are inequitably distributed are redistributed through economic interactions among nations of the world. Other factors that make economic interaction among nations of the world imperative include: difference in climatic conditions, differences in skills and technical know-how, differences in the level of industrialization, quality and quantity of labour force, differences in the cost of production, the need to expand market,
Political Reasons: The need for security is one of the reasons why nations of the world interact politically. Nations of the world come together to form association and organizations that in order not to protect their territorial integrity and domination by other countries but also protect human race from destruction. It was the above reasons that led to the formation of the League of Nations, North Atlantic Treaty organastions Warsaw Pact, United Nations African Union, Non-Align Movement, etc.
Socio – Cultural Reasons: Socio-cultural interaction among nations are aim at fostering friendliness among one another. Exchange of cultural interactions, entertainment, etc. these interactions can take place through sports and games like the Olympic Games, World Cup Competition, European Championship, West African Football Union (WAFU), etc. It can also take the form of staging musical and cultural festivals like the Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC) and musical shows by foreign musicians.
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
The Merits of Nigerian Inter-dependence and Globalization
Interactions between countries of the world have led to the establishment of political Organisations, Unions, Association and Blocs as well as Embassies or High Commission.
Friendly Relationship: Countries of the world become friendly when they relate and war situations will be prevented and they will be able to pursue beneficial interests.
Technical Assistance: countries can benefit technical and scientific assistance from one another when they interact.
Reduction of Hostilities: Hostilities in the world are reduced to the barest minimum through interaction and this will promote world peace.
Widens Market: Interaction will increase volume of trade and buying and selling of good s and services will increase.
Exchange of Culture: Socio-Cultural interaction among the nations of the world lead to exchange of cultural artifacts and across fertilization.
Increase Value of national Currency: States that relate will exchange their currencies and with those of other states and the value of such currencies will increase and be known worldwide.
Promotion of Tourism: Interaction will encourage tourism in that people will visit tourist centres in other lands. This will promote friendly relationship and promote national economy.
Civilization/Modernization: Countries will benefit from one another better by learning new things from other countries, especially the advanced countries of the world.
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
Disadvantages of Interactions Among Nations of the World
Cultural/Social problems: through interactions in sports, cultural concerts, etc, social problems such as immoral acts, promiscuity, indecent dressing, prostitution, etc could be exported into some countries.
Interference of state: Developed nations can still interfere in the domestic affairs of less developed nations because of the economic benefits the less developed countries are deriving from the developed nations.
Neo-colonialism: Interactions among states, economically, politically, etc can lead to neo-colonialism and this can make nonsense of the hard-won independence of these developing states from their erstwhile colonial masters.
Inferior or Poorly Produced Goods: Interactions among states can lead to some developed countries making some of the third world countries dumping ground their inferior, fairly used or poorly produced goods.
Control of States: political and economic interactions associated with the membership of some of the organizations, e.g. UNO, I.M.F. etc can bring about control of the sovereign of less powerful states, as most of these organizations are controlled by big powers.
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
EVALUATION
List and explain three purposes of Nigeria’s interactions with the rest of the world.
State five (5) merits and five (5) demerits of Nigerian inter-dependence and globalization.
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
CONTENT
Meaning of Foreign Policy
Factors Affecting Nigeria’s Foreign Policy
The Aims and Objectives of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy
Nigeria’s Foreign Policy Since IndependenceNon-alignment
Nigeria and Non-alignment
Nigeria’s Foreign Policy
Meaning of Foreign Policy
Foreign policy refers to the strategy and tactics employed by a state in conducting her relationship with other states while pursuing her national interest.
It can also be referred to as a set of objectives which a government seeks to achieve through its relations with governments of other countries and international organizations.
Factors Affecting Nigeria’s Foreign Policy
History: Nigeria has a strong link with Britain and some western European powers due to her colonial experience.
Geographical location: the location of Nigeria in west Africa determines her relationship with other countries.
Population: Nigeria is a diverse country with large population. This affects her foreign policy.
National interest: security of lives, territorial integrity and socio-economic developments are part of Nigeria National interest influence her foreign policy.
National resources: Nigeria has one of the largest concentrations of natural resources in the world. This greatly influences her foreign policy.
Public opinion: The general views of the people of Nigeria are often considered in her foreign policy objectives.
Military strength: Nigeria has relative military capabilities in Africa. This has been used to influence her foreign policy.
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
Membership of Nigeria in international organisation e.g AU, ECOWAS etc.
International laws, conventions and treaties.
The type of government in power can affect Nigerian foreign policy.
The Aims and Objectives of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy
The promotion of unity and solidarity among African states. For example, sponsoring many resolutions which led to the collapse of apartheid in south Africa.
The termination of racial, colonial and neo-colonial influences in Africa, e.g providing financial and military aid to the liberation movement in Africa.
Encouraging economic co-operation and self-reliance among Africa state.
Setting inter-state disputes and conflicts in Africa e.g setting disputes between Algeria and Morocco, Togo and Ghana etc.
Creating of pan-africa defence force in order to make Africa self-reliance in military matters.
Establishing diplomatic and friendly relations with all AU member states.
Provision of technical and manpower assistance to fellow African states
Room-Alignment to any power bloc.
Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of other states.
Respect for international laws and treaty obligations.
Nigeria’s Foreign Policy Since Independence
Adoption of non-aligned policies with the power blocs – east or west
The belief in resolving inter – state disputes peacefully
Co-operating and entering into friendly relationship countries that respect her sovereignty.
The belief in the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other states. And according respect to the territorial integrity of other states in Africa.
Seeing Africa as the centre – piece of Nigeria’s foreign policy.
Ensuring a free social and politically stable Africa, this would provide the right environment for Nigeria to embark on self-reliant economic development.
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
Non-alignment
The Meaning of Non-alignment
Non-alignment means the refusal of some countries mainly former colonies to take side with the ideological rivalries or cold war taking place between the world super powers and power blocs. i.e the socialist and the capitalist blocs.
Such countries wanted to remain active participants in international affairs without allegiance to any power bloc.
The movement was founded in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslevia by twenty five countries. The founding fathers included Jawaharal Nehru of India, Josip Tito of Yugoslavia, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Gemel Abdel Nasser of Egypt.
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
Nigeria and Non-alignment
Initially, Nigeria did not show kin interest to the policy of non-alignment. She was rather relating more with the capitalist west than the socialist east. After independence in 1960, Nigeria decided to join the common wealth of nations under the leadership of Great Britain. Based on this we can see that Nigeria was neither neutral nor non-aligned. To confirm this, Nigeria was absent at the founding of the organisation. The signing of the Angola-Nigeria defence pact also showed Nigeria alignment with Britain and her European allies. By 1962/63 the attitude of Nigeria changed with the signing of the organisation of African Unity (OAU) charter in 1963 which declared the policy of non-alignment and appealed to OAU member states to attend the second meeting of the non-align movement taking place in Cairo, Egypt in 1964. Since then the country’s foreign policy has taken a new dimension, and Nigeria has surrender to the policy of non-alignment politically. Economically the country still depends on western economic institutions for management and financing.
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
EVALUATION
What is non-alignment?
State five factors affecting Nigeria’s foreign policy.
Mention five aims and objectives of Nigeria’s foreign policy.
Explain the features of Nigeria’s foreign policy since independence.
Explain the posture of Nigeria and non-alignment.
Outline three reasons for adoption of Africa as the centrepiece of Nigeria’s foreign policy.
Give reasons to show that Nigeria is a non-aligned nation.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS – THE UNITED NATIONS (UN)
Government SS3 Second Term Lesson Note
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